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first-in, first-out principle

Толкование Перевод

1 first-in-first-out principle

1) принцип обслуживания в порядке поступления
2) принцип расходования запасов в порядке получения

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > first-in-first-out principle
2 first-in, first-out principle

Макаров: правило "первым пришёл-первым обслужен" (напр. в ЭВМ)

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > first-in, first-out principle
3 first-in-first-out principle

1) Экономика: принцип расходования запасов в порядке получения

2) Теория массового обслуживания: принцип обслуживания в порядке поступления

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > first-in-first-out principle
4 first-in, first-out principle

правило (напр. в ЭВМ) "первым пришёл - первым обслужен"

English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > first-in, first-out principle
5 first-in-first-out principle

1) ТМО принцип обслуживания в порядке поступления

2) принцип расходования запасов в порядке получения

Англо-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > first-in-first-out principle
6 first-in-first-out principle

принцип обслуживания в порядке поступления

English-Russian dictionary of computer science > first-in-first-out principle
7 first-in-first-out principle

TMO принцип обслуживания (требований) в порядке поступления

The English-Russian dictionary on reliability and quality control > first-in-first-out principle
8 first-out principle

Автоматика: правило (напр. в ЭВМ) "первым пришёл-первым обслужен"

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > first-out principle
9 violation of the first-in-first-out principle

1. TMO отклонение от принципа обслуживания в порядке поступления требований

2. ТУЗ нарушение порядка расходования запасов в порядке поступления

The English-Russian dictionary on reliability and quality control > violation of the first-in-first-out principle
10 first-in-last-out principle

1) Экономика: принцип расходования запасов в обратном порядке

2) Теория массового обслуживания: принцип обслуживания в обратном порядке

3) Макаров: принцип расходования запасов обратном порядке, принцип обслуживания в обратном порядке (ТМО)

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > first-in-last-out principle
11 first-in-last-out principle

1) ТМО принцип обслуживания в обратном порядке

2) принцип расходования запасов обратном порядке

Англо-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > first-in-last-out principle
12 first-in-last-out principle

принцип обслуживания в обратном порядке

English-Russian dictionary of computer science > first-in-last-out principle
13 first-in-last-out principle

TMO принцип обслуживания (требований) в обратном порядке

The English-Russian dictionary on reliability and quality control > first-in-last-out principle
14 principle

[ˈprɪnsəpl]

accruals principle принцип наращивания accusatorial principle доктрина обвинения adhesion principle принцип согласия principle принцип; правило; закон; as a matter of principle в принципе; unanimity principle принцип единогласия assessment principle принцип оценки auditing principle принцип проведения ревизии averaging principle принцип усреднения basic principle основной принцип benefit principle принцип полезности business principle деловой принцип business principle принципы ведения торгово-промышленной деятельности calculation principle принцип вычислений calculation principle принцип расчета cutting-off principle принцип периодизации decision as to principle решение в принципе depreciation principle принцип начисления износа distribution/contribution principle принцип распределения и отчисления domain principles специальные принципы equimarginal principle принцип равенства в пределе exclusion principle принцип исключения FIFO principle принцип обслуживания в порядке поступления FIFO principle принцип расходования в порядке поступления first-in-first-out principle принцип обслуживания в порядке поступления first-in-last-out principle принцип обслуживания в обратном порядке fundamental principle основной принцип going concern principle принцип деятельности предприятия immutability principle принцип неизменности in principle в принципе; on principle из принципа; on the principle that исходя из того, что inventory principle принцип управления запасами invoicing principle порядок выписки счета-фактуры leading principle основной принцип legal principle правовой принцип liberty principle принцип свободы majority principle принцип большинства man of high(est) principle высокопринципиальный человек; a man of no principles беспринципный человек management principle руководящий принцип management principle управленческий принцип maximum principle принцип максимума of principle принципиальный; a question of principle принципиальный вопрос in principle в принципе; on principle из принципа; on the principle that исходя из того, что in principle в принципе; on principle из принципа; on the principle that исходя из того, что parity principle принцип паритета polluter pays principle принцип "загрязнитель платит" precautionary principle принцип предосторожности principle аксиома principle закон principle основа principle основное правило principle первопричина; причина, источник principle правило principle принцип, доктрина, правило, норма principle принцип; правило; закон; as a matter of principle в принципе; unanimity principle принцип единогласия principle принцип principle принцип устройства (машины, механизма и т. п.) principle хим. составная часть, элемент principle for allocation of reserves принцип распределения резервов principle of 'just who do you think you are' принцип "вы именно тот, кем вы себя считаете" principle of balance принцип баланса principle of causation принцип причинной обусловленности principle of equal pay принцип равной оплаты principle of equality принцип равенства principle of free access to public records принцип свободного доступа к государственным архивам principle of law правовая норма principle of oral proceedings принцип устного производства principle of reciprocity принцип взаимности principle of scission система раздельных режимов супружеской собственности для движимости и недвижимости principle of solidarity принцип солидарности principle of surrogation принцип замещения pro rata principle принцип пропорциональности quality principle принцип обеспечения качества of principle принципиальный; a question of principle принципиальный вопрос question!: principle of principle вопрос принципа rating principle принцип расчета страховых премий rating principle принцип расчета тарифных ставок realization principle принцип реализации reserve allocation principle принцип распределения резерва resolution principle принцип резолюций scarcity principle принцип недостаточности shortage principle принцип дефицита tax principle принцип налогообложения territorial principle территориальный принцип total cost principle принцип общей стоимости principle принцип; правило; закон; as a matter of principle в принципе; unanimity principle принцип единогласия valuation principle принцип оценивания

English-Russian short dictionary > principle
15 principle

принцип; закономерность; закон

- principle of delegated authority

- principle of equal likelihood

- principle of equity

- principle of least utility

- principle of material incentive

- principle of maximum likelihood

- principle of motion economy

- principle of one-man management

- principle of pecuniary self-interest

- principle of point estimation

- principles of political economy

- principle of stochastic balance

- principle of sufficiency

- principle of unbiasedness

- principle of zero utility

- acceleration principle

- averaging principle

- causal principle

- ceiling principle

- compensation principle

- design principles

- dominance principle

- duality principle

- equal and proportional sacrifice principle

- equimarginal principle

- exception principle

- first-in-first-out principle

- first-in-last-out principle

- floor principle

- fluctuating principle

- generally accepted accounting principles

- hedonistic principle

- matching principle

- maximum principle

- minimax principle

- minimum principle

- rating principles

Англо-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > principle
16 principle

принцип; правило; закон

- first-in, first-out principle
- GO/NO-GO principle
- d'Alambert's principle
- division of work principle
- first principles
- gantry principle
- GT principle
- millturning principle
- operating principle
- pendulum principle
- principle of combining the work
- principle of conservation of energy
- principle of measurement
- PULL principle
- PUSH principle
- standardization principle
- three-C principle
- toggle principle
- triangulation principle
- unit construction principle

English-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > principle
17 principle

ˈprɪnsəpl сущ.
1) принцип а) правило;
закон, норма;
основная идея a question of principle ≈ принципиальный вопрос as a matter of principle ≈ в принципе of principle ≈ принципиальный down a principle ≈ сформулировать правило/закон to adhere to, apply a principle ≈ применять правило/закон to establish, formulate, lay basic principles ≈ основные принципы deep background principle ≈ амер. принцип "без права ссылки на источник" (согласно этому принципу информация, предоставляемая журналистам, может быть опубликована без ссылки на источник ее получения) guiding principle ≈ руководящий принцип/мотив unanimity principle ≈ принцип единогласия in principle on the principle that Syn: law, rule, assumption, axiom, theorem б) моральные нормы и правила high principle ≈ высокие идеалы/принципы/мотивы strict principle ≈ строгие правила a man of no principles ≈ беспринципный человек man of high(est) principles ≈ высокопринципиальный человек to betray, compromise one's principles ≈ изменить своим принципам, пойти на сделку с совестью We adhere to the principle that everyone should be treated fairly. ≈ Мы следуем принципу, по которому с каждым следует поступать по-честному. on principle в) принцип устройства машины, механизма и т. п.
2) первопричина;
источник, причина;
основа Syn: cause
3) хим. составная часть, элемент принцип, основа, закон - Archimedes' *, buoyancy * закон Архимеда - *s of war принципы военного искусства - *s of biology основы биологии - * of action and reaction закон равенства действия и противодействия - * of universal gravitation закон всемирного тяготения норма, основное правило( поведения) ;
принцип - unanimity *, * of unanimity принцип единогласия - on * из принципа;
в соответствии с правилом, нормой, привычкой и т. п. - he drank hot milk every night on * у него было правилом /он имел обыкновение/ каждый вечер пить горячее молоко - in * в принципе - a man of * принципиальный человек - a man of no *s беспринципный человек - to stick to one's *s придерживаться своих принципов - the *s of a political party принципы политической партии - I make it a * never to lend money я взял за правило, никому не давать взаймы принцип (работы) ;
основа (действия, устройства) - step * ступенчатый принцип конструирования( ракеты) - to work on * работать /действовать/ по какому-л. принципу - in all these instruments the * is the same все эти инструменты действуют по одному и тому-же принципу специфика действия, действующее начало лекарственного вещества источник, первопричина, первооснова( химическое) составная часть, элемент accruals ~ принцип наращивания accusatorial ~ доктрина обвинения adhesion ~ принцип согласия ~ принцип;
правило;
закон;
as a matter of principle в принципе;
unanimity principle принцип единогласия assessment ~ принцип оценки auditing ~ принцип проведения ревизии averaging ~ принцип усреднения basic ~ основной принцип benefit ~ принцип полезности business ~ деловой принцип business ~ принципы ведения торгово-промышленной деятельности calculation ~ принцип вычислений calculation ~ принцип расчета cutting-off ~ принцип периодизации decision as to ~ решение в принципе depreciation ~ принцип начисления износа distribution/contribution ~ принцип распределения и отчисления domain ~s специальные принципы equimarginal ~ принцип равенства в пределе exclusion ~ принцип исключения FIFO ~ принцип обслуживания в порядке поступления FIFO ~ принцип расходования в порядке поступления first-in-first-out ~ принцип обслуживания в порядке поступления first-in-last-out ~ принцип обслуживания в обратном порядке fundamental ~ основной принцип going concern ~ принцип деятельности предприятия immutability ~ принцип неизменности in ~ в принципе;
on principle из принципа;
on the principle that исходя из того, что inventory ~ принцип управления запасами invoicing ~ порядок выписки счета-фактуры leading ~ основной принцип legal ~ правовой принцип liberty ~ принцип свободы majority ~ принцип большинства man of high(est) ~ высокопринципиальный человек;
a man of no principles беспринципный человек management ~ руководящий принцип management ~ управленческий принцип maximum ~ принцип максимума of ~ принципиальный;
a question of principle принципиальный вопрос in ~ в принципе;
on principle из принципа;
on the principle that исходя из того, что in ~ в принципе;
on principle из принципа;
on the principle that исходя из того, что parity ~ принцип паритета polluter pays ~ принцип "загрязнитель платит" precautionary ~ принцип предосторожности principle аксиома ~ закон ~ основа ~ основное правило ~ первопричина;
причина, источник ~ правило ~ принцип, доктрина, правило, норма ~ принцип;
правило;
закон;
as a matter of principle в принципе;
unanimity principle принцип единогласия ~ принцип ~ принцип устройства (машины, механизма и т. п.) ~ хим. составная часть, элемент ~ for allocation of reserves принцип распределения резервов ~ of 'just who do you think you are' принцип "вы именно тот, кем вы себя считаете" ~ of balance принцип баланса ~ of causation принцип причинной обусловленности ~ of equal pay принцип равной оплаты ~ of equality принцип равенства ~ of free access to public records принцип свободного доступа к государственным архивам ~ of law правовая норма ~ of oral proceedings принцип устного производства ~ of reciprocity принцип взаимности ~ of scission система раздельных режимов супружеской собственности для движимости и недвижимости ~ of solidarity принцип солидарности ~ of surrogation принцип замещения pro rata ~ принцип пропорциональности quality ~ принцип обеспечения качества of ~ принципиальный;
a question of principle принципиальный вопрос question!: ~ of principle вопрос принципа rating ~ принцип расчета страховых премий rating ~ принцип расчета тарифных ставок realization ~ принцип реализации reserve allocation ~ принцип распределения резерва resolution ~ принцип резолюций scarcity ~ принцип недостаточности shortage ~ принцип дефицита tax ~ принцип налогообложения territorial ~ территориальный принцип total cost ~ принцип общей стоимости ~ принцип;
правило;
закон;
as a matter of principle в принципе;
unanimity principle принцип единогласия valuation ~ принцип оценивания

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > principle
18 policy

I ['pɔləsɪ] сущ.
1) политика, линия поведения, установка, курс, стратегия

to adopt a policy — принимать курс

to set a policy — устанавливать политику

to adhere to / follow / pursue a policy — следовать политике

to carry out / implement a policy — проводить политику

to formulate a policy — формулировать политику

to form / shape a policy — вырабатывать политику

cautious policy — осмотрительная, осторожная политика

clear / clear-cut policy — чёткий политический курс

conciliatory policy — примиренческая политика

deliberate policy — обдуманная, взвешенная политика

economic policy — экономическая политика

home policy — внутренняя политика

foreign policy — внешняя политика

firm policy — твёрдая политика

flexible policy — гибкая политика

foolish policy — недальновидная политика

long-range / long-term policy — долгосрочная политика

short-range / short-term policy — краткосрочная политика

military policy — военная политика

monetary policy — денежная политика

national policy — национальная политика

official policy — официальная политика

open-door policy — политика открытых дверей

prudent policy — разумная, предусмотрительная политика

rigid policy — твёрдая, жёсткая политика

sound / wise policy — здравая, мудрая политика

tough policy — жёсткий политический курс, твёрдая политика

pro-Western policy — прозападный политический курс

- policy statement
- policy document
- bridge-building policy
- nuclear deterrent policy
- legal policy
- monetary policy
- scorched-earth policy
- socialization policy
- wait-and-see policy
- zero-tolerance policy
- policy of checks and balances
Syn:

course, custom, method, practice, strategy

2) система, методика, правила, принципы; нормы, стандарты

under the new policy (policies) — в соответствии с новыми правилами

admission policies — правила приёма

evaluation policies and procedures — основные принципы и порядок проведения аттестации

first-in-first-out policy — очерёдность обслуживания в порядке поступления

- written policy

Syn:

method, order, scheme, practice, procedure, code, custom

3) позиция, твёрдое правило

to make it a policy to do smth. — взять за правило что-либо делать

Philips, as a matter of policy, doesn't comment on matters under litigation. — Компания "Филипс" по принципиальным соображениям не даёт никаких комментариев по вопросам, находящимся на стадии судебного разбирательства.

Syn:

approach, rule, principle, outlook

4) благоразумие, дальновидность, предусмотрительность, проницательность.

'Your getting me here was bad policy as to your secret - the most absurd thing in the world,' - 'Policy, how can you talk of policy?' (T. Hardy) — "Привести меня сюда - глупее не придумаешь. Твою тайну могут узнать. Где твоё благоразумие?" - "Благоразумие? Как можно говорить о благоразумии?"

It was bad policy to attempt disguise. — Притворяться было глупо.

Syn:

discretion, prudence, wisdom, judiciousness

Ant:

impolicy

5) расчёт, корысть; прагматизм, практичность

But he hath forc'd us to compel this offer; And it proceeds from policy, not love. (W. Shakespeare) — Он вынужден вступить в переговоры; И движет им расчёт, а не любовь. (пер. Е. Бируковой)

Syn:

pragmatism, common sense

6) хитрость, уловка, приём

Thus policy in love t' anticipate the ills that were not. (W. Shakespeare) — Таков любви увёртливый приём: решая сам, что для неё полезней, придумал я недуги. (пер. А. Финкеля)

And I do think- or else this brain of mine Hunts not the trail of policy so sure. (W. Shakespeare) — Иль этот мозг по хитрости дороге Летит не так уж метко, как бывало. (пер. А. Кронеберга)

Syn:

contrivance, method, stratagem, trick

7) шотл. парк ( вокруг усадьбы)
II ['pɔləsɪ] сущ.
1) страховой полис

to cancel a policy — аннулировать страховой полис

to issue / write up a policy — выдавать / выписывать страховой полис

to reinstate a policy — восстанавливать страховой полис

to take out a policy — получать страховой полис

- adjustable life policy
- variable life policy
- endowment policy
- homeowners policy
- lapsed policy
- life insurance policy
- ordinary life insurance policy
- straight life insurance policy
- personal accident policy
- simple policy
- single premium whole life policy
- whole life policy
- permanent life policy
- term life insurance policy
2)

а) амер. род азартной игры, лотерея ( построенная по принципу угадывания чисел)

б) число, комбинация чисел ( в азартной игре)

Syn:

number

Англо-русский современный словарь > policy
19 agreement

n

1) соглашение, договор; контракт

2) согласие; договоренность

•

to abandon an agreement — отказываться от ранее заключенного соглашения

to abide by the terms of an agreement — соблюдать / выполнять условия соглашения, придерживаться условий соглашения

to abrogate an agreement — расторгать соглашение

to accede to an agreement — присоединяться к соглашению

to accept an agreement — соглашаться с условиями заключенного соглашения

to achieve an agreement — приходить к соглашению

to act in flagrant violation of the agreement — грубо нарушать условия соглашения

to adhere to an agreement — выполнять / соблюдать соглашение, придерживаться условий соглашения

to announce a measure of agreement with smb — объявлять о достижении определенной степени согласия / договоренности с кем-л.

to annul an agreement — расторгать соглашение

to arrange an agreement — добиваться соглашения

to arrive at / to attain an agreement — приходить к соглашению, достигать соглашения

to back out of an agreement — уклоняться от выполнения соглашения

to be close to agreement — быть близким к достижению соглашения

to be committed to an agreement — быть связанным соглашением

to be covered by an agreement — подпадать под действие соглашения

to be in agreement with smb about smth — соглашаться с кем-л. в отношении чего-л.; быть единого мнения с кем-л. о чем-л.

to be in contravention of an agreement — противоречить соглашению / условиям соглашения

to be opposed to an agreement — выступать против соглашения

to be party to an agreement — быть участником соглашения

to be solidly behind the agreement — единодушно поддерживать соглашение

to be tied in to an agreement — быть связанным соглашением

to block an agreement — мешать достижению соглашению

to breach / to break an agreement — нарушать соглашение

to bring an agreement to fruition — добиваться выполнения соглашения

to bring down an agreement — положить конец действию соглашения

to build an agreement — достигать договоренности

to cancel an agreement — аннулировать соглашение

to carry out an agreement — выполнять соглашение

to circumvent an agreement — 1) обходить соглашение 2) срывать выполнение соглашения

to clinch an agreement — сделать решающий шаг к заключению соглашения

to come to an agreement — приходить к соглашению

to comply with an agreement to the letter — неукоснительно соблюдать условия соглашения

to conclude an agreement — заключать соглашение

to contravene an agreement — 1) нарушать соглашение 2) противоречить соглашению

to declare an agreement null and void — признавать соглашение недействительным

to defy an agreement — игнорировать соглашение

to delay an agreement — затягивать достижение соглашения

to denounce an agreement — денонсировать соглашение

to derail an agreement — срывать соглашение

to disparage an agreement — принижать значение соглашения

to draft an agreement — вырабатывать соглашение

to draw up an agreement — подготавливать проект соглашения

to edge towards an agreement — постепенно приближаться к достижению соглашения

to end without agreement — заканчиваться без достижения согласия

to endorse an agreement — подписывать соглашение

to enter into an agreement — заключать соглашение / договор

to express agreement — выражать согласие

to extend an agreement — продлевать срок действия соглашения, пролонгировать соглашение

to extract agreement from smb — добиваться согласия от кого-л.

to finalize an agreement — завершать подготовку текста и подписывать соглашение

to find oneself in full agreement about smth — обнаруживать полное единство взглядов по какому-л. вопросу

to follow an agreement to the letter — скрупулезно выполнять соглашение

to follow through an agreement — выполнять соглашение

to follow up the agreement — последовательно проводить соглашение в жизнь

to free oneself from an agreement — выходить из соглашения

to frustrate an agreement — срывать выполнение соглашения

to fulfil an agreement — выполнять соглашение

to get agreement — добиваться согласия

to go back on an agreement — нарушать соглашение, отказываться от выполнения соглашения

to hail an agreement — приветствовать заключение соглашения

to hammer out an agreement — вырабатывать соглашение

to hold to an agreement — придерживаться условий соглашения

to hold up an agreement — приостанавливать действие соглашения

to honor an agreement — соблюдать соглашение

to implement an agreement — выполнять соглашение

to impose an agreement on smb — навязывать соглашение кому-л.

to inch slowly towards an agreement — медленно продвигаться к достижению соглашения

to initial an agreement — парафировать соглашение

to keep an agreement — соблюдать соглашение

to kill an agreement — срывать выполнение соглашения

to lead to agreement — приводить к согласию

to leave the agreement in tatters — перен. не оставить камня на камне от соглашения

to maintain an agreement — придерживаться условий соглашения

to make an agreement — заключать соглашение

to modify an agreement — изменять условия соглашения

to monitor an agreement — следить за выполнением соглашения

to nail down an agreement — обеспечивать достижение соглашения

to negotiate an agreement — вести переговоры о заключении соглашения

to observe an agreement — соблюдать соглашение; выполнять условия соглашения

to obstruct progress towards an agreement — препятствовать достижению соглашения; затруднять достижение соглашения

to outline a series of agreements — намечать в общих чертах ряд соглашений

to oversee an agreement — следить за выполнением соглашения

to participate in an agreement — быть участником соглашения

to pave the way towards further agreements — открывать путь к заключению / достижению новых соглашений

to police an agreement — контролировать ход выполнения соглашения

to produce an agreement — вырабатывать соглашение

to prolong an agreement — продлевать срок действия соглашения

to publish an agreement — опубликовывать текст соглашения

to pull out of an agreement — выходить из числа участников соглашения

to pursue an agreement — добиваться согласия

to put an agreement in jeopardy — ставить соглашение под угрозу

to ratify an agreement — ратифицировать соглашение

to reach agreement on smth — достигать согласия / договариваться по какому-л. вопросу

to reactivate an agreement — реанимировать соглашение

to re-examine the agreement — пересматривать условия соглашения

to renege on an agreement — нарушать соглашение, уклоняться от выполнения соглашения

to repudiate an agreement — отвергать соглашение, отказываться от ранее заключенного соглашения

to respect an agreement — соблюдать соглашение

to review / to revoke an agreement — пересматривать соглашение

to sabotage an agreement — срывать / саботировать выполнение соглашения

to satisfy an agreement — выполнять свои обязательства по соглашению

to scrap an agreement — расторгать соглашение

to scuttle an agreement — уклоняться от выполнения соглашения

to search for an agreement — стремиться к достижению соглашения

to secure an agreement — добиваться соглашения, обеспечивать заключение соглашения

to seek an agreement — 1) добиваться заключения соглашения 2) добиваться согласия / договоренности

to set the seal on an agreement — официально одобрять соглашение

to sign an agreement — подписывать соглашение

to signal one's agreement — заявлять о своем согласии

to smooth the way for an agreement — готовить почву для заключения соглашения

to speed up an agreement — ускорять заключение соглашения

to stick to an agreement — придерживаться условий соглашения

to stipulate smth by an agreement — обуславливать что-л. соглашением

to strengthen the agreement — подкреплять соглашение (чем-л.)

to strike an agreement — заключать соглашение

to strive for agreement — стремиться к достижению согласия

to submit an agreement to the government for endorsement — предоставлять текст соглашения на утверждение правительства

to supervise an agreement — наблюдать за выполнением соглашения

to terminate an agreement — прекращать действие соглашения

to thrash out an agreement — выработать соглашение

to thwart / to torpedo an agreement — срывать выполнение соглашения

to translate an agreement into concrete measures — претворять соглашение в жизнь

to undermine existing agreements — подрывать существующие соглашения

to verify an agreement — проверять соблюдение соглашения

to violate an agreement — нарушать соглашение

to walk away from an agreement — отходить от соглашения

to water down an agreement — ослаблять условия соглашения

to welcome an agreement — приветствовать заключение соглашения

to work for an agreement — добиваться соглашения

to work out an agreement — разрабатывать соглашение

to wreck an agreement — срывать соглашение, мешать заключению соглашения

- agreement expires
- agreement fell flat
- agreement has broken down
- agreement has come into operation
- agreement in force
- agreement in principle
- agreement is effective
- agreement is in danger of collapse
- agreement is in force
- agreement is subject to approval by the General Assembly
- agreement is to come into effect on August 20
- agreement is unlikely to stock
- agreement is up for renewal
- agreement on a framework of withdrawal
- agreement on a partial pullout of troops
- agreement on all points
- agreement on limiting nuclear weapons
- agreement under negotiation
- agreement will hold
- agreement worth $...
- agreements of wages, hours and working conditions
- allied agreements
- arbitration agreement
- architect of an agreement
- armistice agreement
- arms agreement
- arms control agreement
- as a precursor to any kind of an agreement
- as part of the agreement
- avoidance of an agreement
- back-to-work agreement
- barter agreement
- basic agreement
- behind-the-scenes agreement
- bilateral agreement
- binding agreement
- branch agreements
- breach of the peace agreement
- broad agreement
- by mutual agreement
- cartel agreement
- cease-fire agreement
- clearing agreement
- collective agreement
- commercial agreement
- commodity agreement
- compensation agreement
- complete agreement on all major items
- comprehensive agreement
- compromise agreement
- conclusion of an agreement
- consensus agreement
- consular agreement
- contractual agreement
- conventional arms agreement
- cooperation agreement
- credit agreements
- cultural exchange agreement
- currency-credit agreements
- current agreement
- disarmament agreement
- disengagement agreement
- draft agreement
- durable agreement
- duration of an agreement
- economic agreement
- enslaving agreement
- enthralling agreement
- entry of an agreement into force
- equal party to the agreement
- equitable agreement
- executive agreement
- expiration of an agreement
- face-saving agreement
- far-reaching agreement
- fettering agreement
- final agreement
- final print of an agreement
- financial agreement
- foreign investment agreement
- formal agreement
- Four-Power Agreement on West Berlin
- framework agreement
- free trade agreement
- GATT
- General Agreement on Tariff and Trade
- general agreement
- Geneva Agreements
- gentleman's agreement
- historic agreement
- immigration agreement
- impediment to an agreement
- in accordance with the agreement achieved
- in circumvention of the agreement
- in conformity with the terms of agreements
- in contravention of the agreement
- in line with the agreement
- in the absence of a special agreement
- in the wake of the agreement
- inconsistent with the agreement
- indemnification agreement
- inequitable agreement
- INF Agreement
- informal agreement
- initial agreement
- installment agreement
- instalment agreement
- interagency agreement
- interdepartmental agreement
- intergovernmental agreement
- interim agreement
- interlocking set of agreements
- Intermediate Nuclear Forces Agreement
- international agreement
- international fisheries agreement
- interstate agreement
- labor agreement
- landmark agreement
- large measure of agreement between...
- last-in-first-out redundancy agreement
- last-minute agreement
- lend-lease agreement
- license agreement
- licensing agreement
- long-awaited agreement
- long-term agreement
- major agreement
- marketing agreement
- market-sharing agreement
- measure of agreement between smb
- military agreement
- military-political agreement
- model agreement
- monetary agreement
- multilateral agreement
- multipartite agreement
- multipurpose international agreement
- mutual agreement
- national agreement
- nonaggression agreement
- nonattack agreement
- nonbelligerency agreement
- noncompliance with the agreement
- North American Free Trade Agreement
- no-strike agreement
- observance of the agreement
- on the brink of an agreement
- on the verge of an agreement
- onerous agreement
- on-site monitoring agreement
- outline agreement
- overall agreement
- package agreement
- patent agreement
- payments agreement
- peace agreement
- pending the coming into force of the agreement
- permanent agreement
- personal training agreement
- political agreement
- power-sharing agreement
- preliminary agreement
- procedural agreement
- progress toward a concerted agreement
- progress toward mutually acceptable agreement
- prolongation of an agreement
- prospect of an agreement
- provided by the agreement
- provision of an agreement
- provisional agreement
- quadripartite agreement
- reciprocal agreement
- regional agreement
- repatriation agreement
- safeguards agreement
- scientific and technical cooperation agreement
- search for a generally acceptable agreement
- secret agreement
- separate agreement
- short-term agreement
- show-piece of an agreement
- signs for agreement
- solid agreement
- solvent feature of the agreement
- special agreement
- special service agreement
- specific agreement
- standstill agreement
- starting-point of an agreement
- stipulated by the following article of the agreement
- strike-free agreement
- subject of an agreement
- subject to agreement
- subsidiary agreement
- substantive agreement
- superpower agreement
- tacit agreement
- tariff agreement
- technical agreement
- tentative agreement
- termination of agreement
- terms of an agreement

- trade agreement
- trade and credit agreement
- trade and economic agreement
- trade-and-payments agreement
- tripartite agreement
- troop-withdrawal agreement
- trusteeship agreement
- umbrella agreement
- under the agreement
- unequal agreement
- unratified agreement
- unspoken agreement
- UN-sponsored agreement
- unwritten agreement
- verbal agreement
- verifiable agreement
- viable agreement
- voluntary price restraint agreement
- wide-ranging agreements
- working agreement
- written agreement
- zero-zero agreement

Politics english-russian dictionary > agreement
20 near cash

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гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

Introduction

This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.

Principles of the framework

The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
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consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
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the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
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strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
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the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.

The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
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the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
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the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.

Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.

Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)

The framework for public expenditure is divided between
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Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
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Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.

More information about DEL and AME is set out below.

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Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL)

In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.

Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.

Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.

There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.

Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME)

AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.

AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.

AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.

Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.

Total Managed Expenditure

Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.

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Resource Accounting and Budgeting ( RAB)

Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
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Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
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Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
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Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
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Administration Budgets (see below)

Administration Budgets

The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.

Spending Reviews

The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.

The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.

Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.

The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
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provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
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enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
" "
introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
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not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.

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Comprehensive Spending Review 2007

To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.

A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
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an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
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an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
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to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
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further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.

The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.

Obtaining good performance

Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.

The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.

Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.

Departmental Investment Strategies (DISs)

To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.

This document was updated on 19 December 2005.

Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
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GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.

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64Managing Public Money

Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

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first in, first out — A method of accounting for business inventory permitted by GAAP. American Banker Glossary ( FIFO) An accounting method for valuing the cost of goods sold that uses the cost of the oldest item in inventory first. Bloomberg Financial Dictionary * * … Financial and business terms
last in, first out — ( LIFO) One of the methods for accounting for business inventory permitted by generally accepted accounting principals ( GAAP). American Banker Glossary ( LIFO) An accounting method that fixes the cost of goods sold to the most recent purchases.… … Financial and business terms
next-in, first-out — (NIFO) An inventory valuation method whereby the cost of goods sold is based on the replacement cost, rather than the actual cost of the goods. This method is not a generally accepted accounting principle; therefore it is not commonly used. See… … Black's law dictionary
next-in, first-out — (NIFO) An inventory valuation method whereby the cost of goods sold is based on the replacement cost, rather than the actual cost of the goods. This method is not a generally accepted accounting principle; therefore it is not commonly used. See… … Black's law dictionary
last in first out — /lɑ:st ˌɪn famst aυt/ noun 1. a redundancy policy using the principle that the people who have been most recently appointed are the first to be made redundant 2. an accounting method where stock is valued at the price of the earliest purchases… … Dictionary of banking and finance
Next-In, First-Out - NIFO — A method of valuation where the cost of a particular item is based upon the cost to replace the item rather than on it’s original cost. This form of valuation is not one of the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) because it is… … Investment dictionary
First Amendment to the United States Constitution — First Amendment redirects here. For other uses, see First Amendment (disambiguation). United States of America This a … Wikipedia
FIRST FRUITS — FIRST FRUITS, that portion of the fruits of each year s harvest that following the biblical injunction was to be taken to the Temple in Jerusalem. In the Bible The Hebrew term bikkurim and related terms for the first fruits derive from the same… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
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Out of This World (card trick) — Out of This World is a card trick created by magician Paul Curry in 1942. Many performers have devised their own variations of this trick. It is often billed as the trick that fooled Winston Churchill due to a story describing how it was… … Wikipedia
First Stadtholderless Period — The First Stadtholderless Period or Era (1650 1672) (Dutch Eerste Stadhouderloze Tijdperk ) is the period in the history of the Dutch Republic in which it reached the zenith of its economic, military and political Golden Age. The term has… … Wikipedia

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